International and local regulations require certain businesses to take action to prevent money laundering from criminal sources. These are collectively referred to as anti-money laundering or AML regulations.
国际和地方法规要求某些企业采取行动，防止从犯罪来源洗钱。这些统称为反洗钱或AML法规。
Criminals may attempt to conceal the origins of illegal funds, often with transfers through foreign banks or through other legitimate businesses. Financial institutions must comply with AML regulations by having processes in place to assess risk and report suspicious transactions.
犯罪分子可能试图隐瞒非法资金的来源，通常通过外国银行或其他合法业务转移资金。金融机构必须通过建立评估风险和报告可疑交易的流程来遵守“反洗钱”法规。
What is anti-money laundering?
Anti-money laundering refers to laws, regulations, tools and processes that make it harder for criminals to hide the origin of illegally obtained funds acquired through crimes ranging from drug trafficking, tax evasion, fraud, terrorist financing or major corruption schemes. Since the criminals need to move the money through financial institutions or legitimate businesses, those businesses are responsible for monitoring and reporting suspicious transactions. Regulated businesses face steep fines and other consequences for not complying with AML regulations.
反洗钱是指使犯罪分子难以隐藏通过贩毒、逃税、诈骗、恐怖融资或重大腐败等犯罪活动获得的非法资金来源的法律、法规、工具和流程。由于犯罪分子需要通过金融机构或合法企业转移资金，这些企业有责任监督和报告可疑交易。受到监管的企业因不遵守“反洗钱”规定而面临巨额罚款和其他后果。
To meet AML requirements, financial institutions must undergo sophisticated monitoring and money laundering risk assessment to detect suspicious transactions of customers. They do this through conducting KYC processes.
为满足“反洗钱”要求，金融机构必须进行精密的监控和洗钱风险评估，以发现客户的可疑交易。他们通过执行KYC过程来做到这一点。
Learn more in my blog: What is KYC
Anti-money laundering definition
Anti-money laundering is a collection of laws, regulations and processes that aim to prevent criminals from disguising illegal funds.
反洗钱是旨在防止犯罪分子伪装非法资金的法律、法规和流程的集合。
According to the United Nation Office on Drugs and Crime, money is typically laundered in three stages before finally being released into the legal financial system:
根据联合国毒品和犯罪办公室(United nations Office on Drugs and Crime)的说法，洗钱通常分为三个阶段，最后才会进入法律金融体系:
- Placement (moving the funds away from direct association with the crime): 处置(将资金从与犯罪直接关联的地方转移)
- Layering (transactions meant to conceal the trail to avoid detection): 培植(旨在隐藏踪迹以避免检测的事务)
- Integration (making the money available to the criminal from what seem to be legitimate sources, like luxury purchases or investments): 整合(使罪犯可以从奢侈品或投资等合法来源获得资金)
Anti-money laundering regulations outline the responsibilities of a business to assess the money laundering risk of its customers and monitor and report suspicious transactions.
反洗钱条例概述了企业评估客户洗钱风险以及监测和报告可疑交易的责任。
With the growth of the financial services industry and easing of international capital controls that used to restrict the flow of money into and out of domestic economies, there arose a need for anti-money laundering legislation. In 1989, at the G7 Summit in Paris, the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) was established and is the broad international body that sets recommendations for AML regulations based on its examination of money laundering trends and threats. It currently has 39 members. Different geographies have their own regulations and standards like the US, UK and EU.
随着金融服务业的发展和国际资本管制的放松，有必要制定反洗钱立法。国际资本管制过去用来限制资金进出国内经济。1989年，七国集团巴黎峰会成立了反洗钱金融行动特别工作组(FATF)。FATF是一个广泛的国际机构，负责根据其对洗钱趋势和威胁的审查，为“反洗钱”监管提出建议。它目前有39个成员。不同的地区有自己的规定和标准，如美国、英国和欧盟。
How anti-money laundering works
The KYC process is a part of AML and aims to stop such schemes in the early stage. KYC regulations require a business to identify their customers and assess their risk profile upon onboarding. This is done via customer due diligence (CDD) processes.
KYC程序是“反洗钱”的一部分，旨在在早期阶段阻止此类计划。KYC规定要求企业在入职时识别其客户并评估其风险状况。这是通过客户尽职调查(CDD)过程完成的。
CDD processes typically comprise of a series of checks to help businesses verify their customers’ identities and assess their risk profiles, and can also refer to ongoing monitoring post onboarding to catch money laundering in subsequent stages beyond the initial deposit.
CDD流程通常包括一系列检查，以帮助企业验证客户的身份并评估其风险概况，还可以参考入职后的持续监控，以在初始存款之后的后续阶段抓获洗钱活动。
CDD involves analyzing information from different sources, including what the customer provides, and checking information against public and private data sources and sanctions lists. The information you collect depends on the risk profile of your customer, but basic CDD requires the following:
CDD涉及分析来自不同来源的信息，包括客户提供的信息，并根据公共和私人数据源和制裁列表检查信息。您收集的信息取决于您的客户的风险概况，但基本的CDD要求如下:
CDD Steps
- Information about the identity of your customers, such as their name, address and a photograph of an official identity document
有关客户身份的信息，如他们的名字，地址和一张官方身份文件的照片 - An overview of your customer’s activities and the markets they operate in
你的客户的活动和他们经营的市场的概述 - An overview of any other entities that your customer does business with
对与您的客户进行业务往来的任何其他实体的概述
Institutions may have officers or departments dedicated to AML compliance. If a transaction or customer is flagged by a business’s AML procedures, a law enforcement entity will take over to investigate.
机构可能有专门负责“反洗钱”合规工作的官员或部门。如果某笔交易或客户被企业的“反洗钱”程序标记，执法实体将接管进行调查。
Businesses should check their local and regional AML regulations as well as the international FATF guidelines and recommendations. To follow the general framework of AML compliance, businesses should follow these steps:
企业应检查其当地和地区的“反洗钱”法规以及国际FATF指南和建议。为遵循“反洗钱”合规的一般框架，企业应遵循以下步骤:
Steps to comply with AML regulations
Follow KYC measures. AML compliance starts with knowing who your customer is by performing identity verification. This includes verifying the personal information details the user provides with an ID Record check, or proof of address. KYC also checks that funds are from a legal and legitimate source.
遵循KYC措施。“反洗钱”合规首先要通过执行身份验证来了解您的客户是谁。这包括验证用户提供的身份记录检查或地址证明的个人信息细节。KYC还检查资金是否来自合法和合法的来源。
Undertake the necessary customer due diligence processes. Customers who are considered higher-risk require more thorough due diligence, such as enhanced due diligence (EDD). Find out more about the difference between CDD and EDD.
承担必要的客户尽职调查程序。被认为风险较高的客户需要更彻底的尽职调查，如增强尽职调查(EDD)。了解更多关于CDD和EDD的区别。
Maintain up-to-date records for higher-risk customers.
为高风险客户维护最新的记录。
Monitor customer accounts for suspicious activity via Watchlist checks and report any flagged transactions in accordance with relevant regulations
通过监视名单检查监控客户账户的可疑活动，并根据相关规定报告标记的交易
Enforce sanctions against individuals or entities that fail to comply with regulation or are found to be on blocked lists.
对不合规或被列入黑名单的个人或实体实施制裁。
Anti-money laundering software
Digital solutions for anti-money laundering grew with the need for firms to implement a written AML and Countering the Financing of Terrorism (CFT) risk assessment. Specialized companies developed software to analyze transactions or patterns and find suspicious activity that would qualify for a Suspicious Activity Report (or SAR filing – primarily relevant to the US). Financial institutions can receive penalties for failing to properly file CTR and SAR reports, including heavy fines and regulatory restrictions.
随着企业实施书面“反洗钱”和打击恐怖主义融资(CFT)风险评估的需要，反洗钱数字化解决方案不断发展。专门的公司开发软件来分析交易或模式，并找到符合可疑活动报告(或SAR文件-主要与美国相关)的可疑活动。未能正确提交CTR和SAR报告的金融机构可能会受到处罚，包括高额罚款和监管限制。
International and local regulations are complex and the amount of data and checks would be beyond the ability of human AML officers to conduct and analyze, so AML software is necessary to monitor and analyze transactions and customers.
国际和当地法规很复杂，数据和检查的数量超出了人工“反洗钱”官员的管理和分析能力，因此“反洗钱”软件有必要监控和分析交易和客户。
Types of anti-money laundering software
AML software can help complete different categories of compliance needs. Some examples are:
反洗钱”软件可以帮助完成不同类别的合规需求。比如：
Identity screening: Screening and monitoring customers can help identify high-risk customers and entities that may be on sanctions lists (like the Office of Foreign Assets Controls or OFAC list in the US) or other blocked lists. Businesses are prohibited by international and local regulations from doing business with anyone on these lists. Anti-money laundering software can quickly screen and identify sanctioned individuals or entities, protecting a business and helping flag them.
身份筛选:筛选和监控客户可以帮助识别可能出现在制裁名单(如外国资产控制办公室或美国OFAC名单)或其他封锁名单上的高风险客户和实体。国际和当地法规禁止企业与这些名单上的任何人做生意。反洗钱软件可以快速筛选和识别受制裁的个人或实体，保护企业并帮助标记它们。
Screening software can also be used to identify Politically Exposed Persons (PEPs), and individuals receiving adverse media attention. And the same type of software can be used to simply verify identity by accessing and checking against a variety of data sources.
筛选软件还可以用来识别政治暴露者(PEPs)，以及接受不利媒体关注的个人。同样类型的软件可以通过访问和检查各种数据源来简单地验证身份。
Transaction monitoring: Other specific software can identify suspicious transactions or patterns in customer behavior. Software that monitors and flags these transactions is used to file Suspicious Activity Reports (SAR). Transaction monitoring is an element of KYC processes.
交易监控:其他特定的软件可以识别客户行为中的可疑交易或模式。监控和标记这些交易的软件用于归档可疑活动报告(SAR)。交易监视是KYC进程的一个元素。
Currency Transaction Reporting (CTR): Different local and international regulations require reporting of large cash transactions – for example, transactions of over $10,000 (aggregate daily) in the US would be flagged automatically under the Bank Secrecy Act. AML software can help analyze and spot transactions involving large amounts of cash.
货币交易报告(CTR):不同的本地和国际法规要求报告大额现金交易——例如，根据《银行保密法》，美国超过1万美元(每日总额)的交易将被自动标记。“反洗钱”软件可以帮助分析和发现涉及大量现金的交易。
Importance of anti money laundering
Failure to comply with anti-money laundering regulations can result in heavy AML sanctions and fines, so it’s in the interest of financial institutions to make AML regulations a top priority.
不遵守反洗钱法规可能会导致严重的“反洗钱”制裁和罚款，因此将“反洗钱”法规作为重中之重符合金融机构的利益。
The UNODC estimates that the amount of money laundered globally in one year is 2% to 5% of global GDP, or between $800 billion to $2 trillion. Money laundering is by definition associated with criminal activities, which can range from illegal arms sales, terrorist financing, smuggling, corruption, insider trading, fraud, and cybercrimes.
联合国毒品和犯罪问题办公室估计，全球一年的洗钱金额占全球GDP的2%至5%，即8000亿至2万亿美元。洗钱的定义是与犯罪活动相关联的，包括非法武器销售、恐怖主义融资、走私、腐败、内幕交易、欺诈和网络犯罪。
Reasons AML is important
- Compliance with local and international AML regulations
遵守当地和国际的“反洗钱”法规 - Avoiding fines and penalties, both civil and criminal, from negligence or noncompliance
避免因疏忽或不遵守规定而受到的民事和刑事罚款 - Protecting the business’s reputation and shareholder value
保护企业声誉和股东价值 - Avoiding or reducing costs of risk exposure that could result in fines or business costs for staffing or IT solutions
避免或降低可能导致罚款或人员配备或 IT 解决方案的业务成本的风险暴露成本
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